Nursing Practicum Proposal Essay -- nursing educator, practicum experi

Nursing understudies today are assorted with various learning styles. Nursing teachers must shape understudies to become basic scholars and there are a large group of approaches for educators to create required showing aptitudes (Kostovich et al., 2007). There are numerous models of instruction styles; one to form educating after is from Kolb’s model in 1985 which proposes coordinating learning techniques to educating approaches. In any case, teachers need to get capable in recognizing singular understudy learning styles. Nursing instructors ought to likewise perceive their own training style and the impact it has on student improvement and socialization (National League for Nursing, 2007). The National League for Nursing (NLN) has created eight center abilities for nurture teachers. The NLN proficiencies fill in as a guide for staff to follow so as to give excellent instruction to nursing understudies (NLN, 2007). This paper is planned for proposing an understudy instructing practicum at North Central Michigan College (NCMC) in the nursing high devotion recreation/abilities lab for the winter 2014 semester. Insightful Practicum Proposal The NLN has created eight center skills for nurture teachers. The NLN proficiencies fill in as a guide for workforce to follow so as to give top notch training to nursing understudies (NLN, 2007). With a different understudy populace, instructors must have the option to join changed showing methodologies into educational programs to address the issues of every understudy. More established understudies tend to lean toward on line conversation and issue based learning, while more youthful understudies incline toward recreations and abilities showing (Pettigrew, Dienger, and King, 2011). Utilized as a showing apparatus, reenactment advances clinical aptitudes, interperson... ...eved from http://www.nln.org/profde/corecompetencies.pdf . North Central Michigan College. (2013-14). Nursing program handbook. Recovered from http://www.ncmich.edu/ Penn, B., Wilson, L., and Rosseter, R. (2008). Changing from nursing practice to a showing job: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 13(3):3 Pettigrew, A., Dienger, M., and King, M. (2011). Nursing understudies today: Who are they and what are their realizing inclinations? Diary of Professional Nursing, 27(4), 227-236. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2011.03.007. Rattray, J., and Jones, M. (2007). Basic components of survey structure and advancement. Diary of Clinical Nursing 16, 234-243. Wayne, D., and Lotz, K. (2013). The reenacted clinical condition as a stage for refining basic speculation in nursing understudies: a test case program. Nursing Education Perspectives, 34 (3), 163-166.

Invention and Tradition Free Essays

Adjustments are across the board and all inclusive. Adjustment issues †substance, structure, and intertextual governmental issues. Hutcheon wishes to think about adjustments as horizontal, not vertical. We will compose a custom paper test on Development and Tradition or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now One doesn't encounter adjustments progressively beginning from the first work, rather the works are an enormous assortment to be explored. One may see an adjustment before the first. Hutcheon likewise wishes to see adjustments as adjustments, not as free works. Three different ways of story commitment: telling, appearing, and intuitiveness. Adjustments additionally overwhelm their own media. The most intensely granted movies are adjustments. Hutcheon proposes that the delight of adjustment from the point of view of the purchaser originates from a straightforward redundancy of a darling story with variety. To acquire Michael Alexander’s term, adjustments are palimpsestuous works, works that are spooky by their adjusted writings. Hutcheon wishes to abstain from depending on constancy analysis, which starts in the (frequently bogus) thought that the connectors wish to duplicate the adjusted content. There are numerous reasons why connectors may wish to adjust, which can be as a lot to investigate as to give proper respect. There are three measurements to taking a gander at adjustments: as a proper substance or an item, as a procedure of creation, or as a procedure of gathering. Adjustment is at the same time a procedure and an item. Hutcheon recognizes adjustments and spin-offs and fanfiction. Spin-offs and fanfiction are methods for not wishing a story to end. This is an unexpected objective in comparison to the entertainment done by adjusting a work. There is a legitimate term to characterize adjustments as â€Å"derivative works†, however this is perplexing and hazardous. Adjustment submits a scholarly apostasy that structure (articulation) and substance (thoughts) can be isolated. To any media researcher, structure and substance are inseparably integrated, in this manner, adjustments give a significant danger and challenge, in light of the fact that to pay attention to them recommends that structure and substance can be by one way or another dismantled. This brings up another troublesome issue: what is the substance of an adjustment? Would could it be that is really adjusted? One should seriously think about this to be the â€Å"spirit† or â€Å"tone† of a work. Adjusting a work to be devoted to the soul may legitimize changes precisely or structure in the adjustment. In my viewpoint, the substance of adjustments is (or ought to be) the universe of the adjusted content. Hutcheon explicitly addresses videogames and how they take part in movement past critical thinking. She proposes that on the off chance that a film has a 3 demonstration structure, at that point ongoing interaction is just the subsequent demonstration. Barring the presentation and the goals, ongoing interaction is tied up with taking care of issues and attempting to determine clashes. Games adjust a heterocosm: â€Å"What gets adjusted here is a heterocosm, actually a â€Å"other world† or universe, complete, obviously, with the stuff of a storyâ€settings, characters, occasions, and circumstances. † (p. 14) A game adjustment imparts a reality of rationality to the adjusted content. The organization may require a perspective change (for instance, in the Godfather game, where the player assumes the job of a subordinate stirring his way up). Different books are not effectively adjusted on the grounds that the novel spotlights on the â€Å"res cogitans†, the intuition world, rather than the universe of activity. This is a point that I would differ with Hutcheon’s appraisal, I feel that even the thinking scene about a novel submits to rules and mechanics, that these technicians might be reproduced or communicated computationally, yet they may not be fit to the shows of activity and spatial route well known in games at the present time. Hutcheon takes note of that a few works have a more prominent affinity for adjustment than others, or are more â€Å"adaptogenic† (Groensteen’s term). For example, melodramas are all the more promptly adjusted into shows and musicals, and one could stretch out that contention to portray how impacts films will in general get adjusted into games. This might be because of the way that there are classification shows that may be regular to the two media. Adjustment might be viewed as an item or a procedure, the item arranged point of view regards it as an interpretation (in different faculties), or as a reword. The item arranged point of view is reliant on a specific translation. As a procedure, it is a mix of impersonation (mimesis) and inventiveness. Fruitless adjustments frequently fizzle (monetarily) because of an absence of imagination for the benefit of the connectors. There is a procedure of both mimicking and making something altogether new, yet so as to make an effective adjustment, one must make the content one’s own. There is an issue of intertextuality when the peruser knows about the first content. Be that as it may, there can turn into a corpus of adjustments, where the ensuing works are adjustments of the previous ones, instead of the adjusted content itself. This just like the instance of writings which have had productive arrangement of adjustments, for example, Dracula films (Hutcheon’s model), just as Jane Austen’s works. These works are â€Å"multilaminated†, they are referential to different writings, and these references structure some portion of the text’s character, as a hub inside a system of associa ted writings. A last measurement is the reader’s commitment, their inundation. Perusers draw in with adjustments with various mdoes of commitment. â€Å"Stories, notwithstanding, don't comprise just of the material methods for their transmission (media) or the principles that structure them (classes). Those methods and those principles grant and afterward channel account desires and convey story importance to somebody in some specific situation, and they are made by somebody with that purpose. † (p. 26) Adaptations are every now and again â€Å"indigenized† into new societies. At the point when writings gracefully pictures to imageless works, they permanantly change the reader’s experience of the content. For instance, because of the movies, we currently recognize what a round of Quiddich resembles (and because of the games, we presently can know strategies and methodologies), or what Tolkien’s orcs resemble. Step by step instructions to refer to Invention and Tradition, Papers

12 Angry Men - Movie Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

12 Angry Men - Movie Review - Assignment Example Early in the film Juror 10 beginnings with accusatory his bigot comments towards the individuals who are dark and live in ghettos. His words â€Å"You're not going to reveal to me that we should accept this child, recognizing what he is. Tune in, I've lived among them for my entire life. You can't accept a word they state. You realize that. That is to say, they're conceived liars,† are a token of his profound seeded hatred towards these individuals all through the film. He is reluctant to take a gander at the realities and choose the decision without letting his partiality hinder his judgment. Member of the jury 4 and 7 additionally show preference towards the boy’s financial gathering be that as it may, it is Juror 10 who takes it to outrageous heights.He sees the light when Juror 5 a ghetto inhabitant challenges his one-sided general feeling. He notwithstanding, doesn't change his vote until the center of the film when others advise him to stop his offending comments and quiet down.

How to Become an Editor

The most effective method to Become an Editor In the event that your email inbox is stuck with loved ones sending you anticipates like resumes, reports, or different archives to audit, you may as of now be an informal editorial manager. On the off chance that finding syntactic issues openly puts causes you to recoil, and you need to break out your red pen each time somebody utilizes â€Å"supposably† on Facebook, it may be a great opportunity to take your side interest to the following (proficient) level. Or on the other hand, if you’re like me, you have an English-type degree and aren’t sure what you need to do with, yet you do realize that you love perusing and composing, it could be the correct way for you. What Does An Editor Do?There are heaps of various types of editors. At the most essential level, a supervisor is somebody who guarantees the nature of composing either print or computerized. They may also:manage ventures from start to finish.review points in claim to fame territories (like clinical, sp ecialized, or lawful composition) for accuracy.make choices about what substance ought to be remembered for a book, distribution, or website.select books for publication.organize composing into a rational structure.copyedit and edit material for sentence structure, style, and appropriate usage.factcheck content before publication.work with scholars to shape, create, and refine their composing fiction or nonfiction.rewriting substance, or composing supplemental material, similar to presentations, features, notes, etc.hire content writers.consult on format and design.develop content systems for productions or publishers.You discover editors any place there are words introduced to general society, essentially. They’re utilized by book distributing organizations, papers, magazines, organizations in all enterprises for in-house and corporate interchanges, sites, and different spots that need to manage content. Think about a supervisor as a substance wrangler, in the entirety of it s numerous structures. Let’s take a gander at a portion of the more typical vocation ways for editors: [via PayScale]What Skills Do Editors Have?Editors are multitaskers. They must be journalists, judges, fix-it-quick professionals, directors, and shepherds.These are the absolute most significant ranges of abilities that you’d need as an editor:Editors are hierarchical implementers. They take a shot at cutoff times (regularly short and unforgiving ones) and with sets of rules (like page cutoff points or designs) to ensure the composing is on a par with it very well may be for the objective format.Strong writingâ and verbal aptitudes are an unquestionable requirement for editors. Indeed, you might be working with different people’s composing rather than your own, yet you should have the option to perceive great composition if you’re going to fix composing that needs a little assistance. That implies you should have the option to comprehend what others are putting out there, and have the option to modify/refine that as fundamental. It additionally implies you ought to have the option to communicate your own contemplations plainly also. Conveying to and fro is a basic piece of any editor’s job.Part of being an editorial manager isn't just settling on intense choices about substance or composing, yet additionally imparting to the essayist why you think these progressions are significant. This implies having the option to explore now and again troublesome discussions with an expansive exhibit of characters. A few scholars are available to productive input. Others†¦are not. Genuine story: I once had a writer email me on Christmas Eve, and let me realize that I’d demolished her vacation by imparting a change to her book. Some portion of being an expert manager is having the option to deal with the essayist/editorial manager relationship with discretion and patience.Always one of the bedrock independent professions, inde pendent altering is perhaps the most ideal approaches to plunge your toes into the vocation if you’re new to the field, or not exactly sure this is the thing that you need to do full-time. That implies you have to have some hustle in you, organizing and consistently watching out for potential new jobs.You’ll need meticulousness. â€Å"Close enough† ought not be in your expert jargon as an editorial manager. Regardless of whether it’s a reality that appears to be flawed or a wanderer comma, a couple of hawk eyes is one of your greatest expert resources as an editor.Being a supervisor regularly implies having the option to move with new advances. Knowing the most recent structure and format projects, or altering programming, will be key in securing and keeping publication positions. Essential coding abilities are a gigantic in addition to for your resume too. Content is a quick moving industry, so a red pen alone just won’t cut it anymore.Content abi lity is an absolute necessity. There’s a major universe of working out there, and nobody can be a manager for all things. Whichever path you’re in, ensure you’re as learned as you can be. For instance, on the off chance that you spend significant time in altering clinical composition for diaries, read as much as possible in your field. Know your patterns. In the event that you’re a proofreader for an online food website, realize what the most recent foodie patterns are.What Education Do Editors Need?There’s no firm guideline about how much training editorial manager ought to have. You don’t need any uncommon permitting or confirmation to be an editorial manager. Be that as it may, most article employments do require in any event an advanced education. A degree typically guarantees a pattern of perusing, composing, and basic reasoning abilities, however you don’t fundamentally must have a degree in English, Literature, Creative Writing , or comparative controls (however those do help in the event that you need to go into customary book altering). The most significant part is having solid composition, verbal, and relational abilities, and creating experience. Furthermore, actually, in the event that you need to represent considerable authority in a territory like lawful altering or clinical altering, a degree in one of those branches of knowledge may be similarly as helpful as English or Communications.Editors ought to consistently be available to proceeding with training also. Numerous schools, as New York University, Emerson College in Boston, and the University of Denver offer alumni programs in distributing. Numerous online schools, junior colleges, four-year universities and colleges, and specialized schools likewise offer individual classes in sorts of altering, editing, or other expertise building regions for editors. Editors may likewise need to take classes in visual depiction, distributing programming, we bsite architecture, or undertaking the board to build up their supplemental aptitudes too. Destinations like Mediabistro (which will end up being your new closest companion, BTW, if you’re a supervisor) have incredible data about classes and preparing openings accessible to journalists and editors.Many editors start with temporary positions at distributing organizations or explicit productions, to construct abilities and increase involvement with the field.To Freelance or Not to Freelance?While there are conventional full-and low maintenance occupations out there for editors, numerous individuals pick to go the independent work course, and make an independent altering vocation way for themselves. This is likewise the best approach if you’re embracing altering as your side hustle before you make it your profession. In the event that you’re keen on turning into an independent editorial manager, two of the primary things you ought to do are 1) form an incredible re sume stuffed with solid experience visual cues, and 2) continue becoming your network.How Much Do Editors Get Paid?Let’s simply state that altering is a vocation you decide for affection, not really cash. That’s not to state you can’t acquire a living as a proofreader (you can!), at the same time, well, when was the last time you heard anybody alluded to as â€Å"millionaire supervisor So-and-So†? (In the event that you have heard that as of late, certainly let me know. Requesting a companion.) Because there are such a significant number of various types of editors chipping away at various kinds of undertakings, the pay levels shift too.As a general gathering, the U.S. Agency of Labor Statistics pegs the middle publication pay at $56,010 every year, or $26.93 every hour. PayScale places proofreader pay rates in a significantly more extensive territory, from $32,810 to $80,595Here are a portion of the middle compensation details for various types of editor s:Magazine Editor: $48,509Copy Editor: $41,325Associate Book Editor: $42,761Content Manager: $53,575Book Editor: $49,332Web Editor: $48.030Variable elements incorporate degree of experience, area (urban areas like New York and Chicago are frequently problem areas for publication employments), and full-time pay versus independent or task based rates.What is the Outlook for Editors?While the field isn’t expected to develop as much as certain enterprises (especially tech and human services), editors are an enduring need, particularly as individuals push to have quality substance accessible in each possible print and computerized form.So what do you think? Is it true that you are prepared to get your red pen (or red pen application) and start content-overseeing for your dinner?

Urbanization and Its Effects Free Essays

Presentation Chapter No. 1 Urbanization achieves a social change. This is generally noticeable in the development of business enterprise and industrialization. We will compose a custom article test on Urbanization and Its Effects or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now It is realized that the advancement of the landless worker and the ingestion of riches into a couple of hands advance urbanization. Many individuals state that urbanization is the anticipated result of financial development, with the expansion of master specialists, shippers, and owners. Urban development or urbanization brings a fascination for the individuals living in rustic territories. They get pulled in by the extravagances, solaces and openings which individuals of urban areas are getting a charge out of. Both the regular increment (populace development) and net movement are the major contributory elements to urban development. As in different pieces of the world, in spite of the fact that the urban development in Pakistan is commanded by the normal increment, around one-fifth of this development is guaranteed to inside relocation. Inside relocation or urbanization has assumed a significant job in the development of the populace thickness in the significant urban areas of Pakistan. Inside movement has likewise been significant in the quick development of these urban areas. Urbanization is more quick than a populace development. Individuals are moving from provincial territories to urban zones for a superior expectation for everyday comforts, to look for better quality instruction, entrancing work places. Other than all the positive parts of urbanization, it additionally negatively affects the economy which incorporates the loss of agribusiness land, urban nourishment flexibly like vegetables, wheat, rice, maize and so forth , the overwhelming of natural surroundings and urban diseconomies. Economy of Pakistan subsequently has both negative just as constructive outcomes of urbanization. Further proceeding onward with the subtleties of impacts of urbanization on Pakistani economy, we have to know the states of the economy of Pakistan at present. The economy of Pakistan and the impacts of urbanization on Pakistani economy are talked about in beneath: Economy of Pakistan: The economy of Pakistan is set to be the 27th biggest in dollar terms. Pakistan is encircled by compound ventures, materials, horticulture, nourishment preparing and different enterprises, which makes it the semi-industrialized economy. The economy of Pakistan has endured a ton in the past from high swelling rates, expanding neediness levels, low nature of instruction, fear based oppression and a quickly developing populace. The economy of Pakistan has been experiencing tough occasions since last 5 to 6 years. The total national output (GDP) of Pakistan is US$167 billions, which makes it 48th biggest economy on the planet Today Pakistan is said to have the second biggest economy in the South Asia. In Pakistan GDP development and an unmistakable ascent in the mechanical and administration division stayed in the scope of 6% to 8% in 2004 to 2006, because of the change by the Musharraf government in the year 2000. In year 2005 World Bank named Pakistan to be the top reformer in its locale and in the best 10 reformers all through the world/all inclusive. Pakistan’s GDP total national output is evaluated to be $475. billion whenever estimated by buying power equality (PPP). The per capita Income in Pakistan is evaluated to be 23% to 28%. Gross domestic product development rate was steady during the mid of 2000 at a pace of 7% anyway it eased back down because of the financial emergency of 2008 to 4. 7%. Pakistan has a high swelling pace of 24. 4% and a low reserve funds rate which makes it hard to continue a high development rate. In year 2005 swelling rate hopped to over 9% and decreased to 7. 9% in year 2006. Following the course, in year 2008 petroleum costs hit the most significant expense in Pakistan as high as 25. 0%. The State Bank of Pakistan is receiving the arrangement to fix its financial strategy to safeguard the development of Pakistan. In year 2007 and 2008, the noticeable ascent in the worldwide oil and nourishment costs on joining with the interior political disarray prompts macroeconomics irregular characteristics in Pakistan. In year 2008, Pakistan confronted an equalization of installment shortage. The administration consented to an International money related reserve consent to conquer the equalization of installment emergency. In any case, all through year 2009-10 its present record reinforced and outside trade finances balanced out for the most part because of marked down oil costs and record settlements from laborers abroad. Lamentably, in July-August 2010 the farming yield diminished which added to a bounce in expansion. Government reserves were spent on the amusement and recreation which prompted constrained recourses with the administration. Pakistan continues stressing on the decrease of destitution, absence of education, psychological warfare and social insurance. It likewise endeavors to improve the most vulnerable segments of the general public. Pakistan likewise has an indispensable foundation, particularly in water the executives, transport, correspondence, training and vitality. The economy is of Pakistan is partitioned into three segments; farming, industry and administrations. The commitment to add up to GDP is referenced beneath as far as rates. Horticulture incorporates cultivating, angling and ranger service. Industry incorporates mining, assembling, development and force creation. Administrations incorporate interchanges, money, transportation and so forth. The circulation will add up to under 100% if the information is deficient. Horticulture has a commitment of 21. 2% in the complete GDP of Pakistan. Industry segment has 25. 4% share in the absolute GDP of Pakistan while administrations segment has the most elevated commitment of 53. 4%. Pakistan is confronting monetary and political shakiness nowadays. The legislature is likewise destabilized and losing its control. The quick advancement of urban communities is an ordinary and a constant segment event in the vast majority of the creating nations including Pakistan. This ascent has prompted an expansion in the level of urbanization. In Pakistan, the latest investigation says that 34% of the individuals are living in urban territories and about 66% of individuals are living in country regions. It has been anticipated that the degree of urbanization in 2015 would increment by 39. 5%. The latest investigation, expresses that the development pace of Pakistan is 1. 73% and the populace thickness of Pakistan is 177. 37 individuals for every sq. km. Pakistan is gathered with nations having moderate degree of urbanization; it has the most elevated portion of populace living in urban areas (urban territories) among the South Asian nations. It has likewise been anticipated that about portion of Pakistan’s populace will be living in urb an areas constantly 2030. Year 2011 has demonstrated out to be another troublesome year for the economy of Pakistan since it could just accomplish the development of 2. 4% against the objective of 4. 5 %. This was surprisingly more dreadful and more fragile than the development rate accomplished in year 2010. The log jam in the development was anticipated right at the time nation experienced pulverizing impacts of the flood in August 2010. Development was in a feeble situation, as the legislature needed to move assets for the restoration and recreational purposes for the flood casualties. Another significant factor that compelled development was the vitality emergency/power lack in the nation. Quantities of enterprises are moved in Bangladesh because of vitality deficiency, rising heater oil costs, have constrained force makers to run underneath limit. The subsequent lack of intensity has added to the vitality shortage to the nation. In the event that we take a gander at the horticulture segment of Pakistan in detail we will come to realize that it demonstrated a solid improvement after the staggering effect of the floods in mid 2011. This recuperation was chiefly because of animals area, alongside minor harvests and some significant yields (wheat and sugarcane). In spite of the critical misfortunes brought about by the floods, development in the animals subsector was sufficient to give truly necessary force to horticulture development. Exchange and installments is the foundation of the Pakistani economy, in year 2011 absolute fares recorded a helpful development of 27. % for the time of initial ten months (July-April) against an expansion of 8. 0% in the comparative timespan of earlier year 2010. Altogether, trades have gone up from $15,773. 2 million to $20,154. 2 million in the period. On the opposite side imports in the initial ten months of the present year 2011have gone up with an expansion of 14. 7% agains t a similar time of the most recent year coming to 32. 2%. Training is viewed as significant in any economy, in the event that we take a gander at the proficiency pace of Pakistan basing on the age bunches then we see (10 years or more age bunch ) the complete education rate in year 2008-2009 was 57. % which has expanded to 57. 7% in year 2009-2010, which expanded by 0. 5% in the present year. Also, on the off chance that we take a gander at the education rate basing on the areas astute, at that point the proficiency was as per the following; Sindh 58. 2 percent; Punjab 59. 6 percent; Balochistan 51. 5 percent; Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa 50. 9 percent. All out consumptions planned for wellbeing administrations are Rs. 42. 0 billion out of which Rs. 18. 7 billion for advancement in medicinal services places and Rs. 23. 3 billion for current uses which is equivalent to 0. 23 percent of GDP which is 79 billion as opposed to earlier year. Pakistan’s all out populace as indicated by the registration of 2011 is 177. 10 million and it is viewed as the sixth well known nation on the planet. What's more, if the populace continues expanding with a similar propensity it will be 191. 7 million by year 2015 and 242. 1 million by 2030. The development rate in Pakistan is determined to be 2. 05 percent at present and the all out richness rate is 3. 5 kids for each lady. In Pakistan the future is 67. 9 for ladies and 64. 18 for men. What's more, on the off chance that we talk about the work power of Pakistan we may presume that it is the ninth biggest nation on the planet basing on the size of its work power which is 54. 2 million. Pakistan has given an incredible consideration towards its foundation I. e. transport and correspondence and on the off chance that we talk about the correspondence area of Pakistan, at that point we may reason that solitary 3 percent of the all out popul

An Examination of the Cultural Divide in The Crying of Lot 49 - Literature Essay Samples

â€Å"There are still the poor, the defeated, the criminal, the desperate, all hanging in there with what must seem a terrible vitality.† Thomas Pynchon, â€Å"A Journey into the Mind of Watts† The challenge posed to any reader of â€Å"serious† literature is ultimately one of observation, understanding, and synthesis. He regards a work as a collection of intricate components, each of which he must examine thoroughly, measuring one against another, alternately holding them up to the focused light of his mind, until finally he is able to say with certainty that he understands the work as a body of unified parts. As a work of near impenetrability, The Crying of Lot 49 is all but immune to this kind of analytical comprehension. It is a work founded entirely on uncertainty, and therefore concerns itself with both everything and nothing; it either sojourns into a deeply rooted conspiracy centuries of years in the making or simply catalogues the mental disarray of a wo man attempting to execute a will. To trace the parabolic arc of its plot is to become fully disoriented by the maniacal whims of Nazi therapists, by names such as Mike Fallopian that resist even the most apt psychoanalysis, and by the ultimate unreliability of a harrowed protagonist. Throughout the novel, reality clashes inexorably with the surreal, providing seemingly infinite points of ingress that by their very abundance contribute to the novel’s hermetic nature. Yet despite these complexities of form and substance, the work has perhaps paradoxically attracted the exact type of literary reading that it appears to resist. Scholarly articles ranging from discussions on the prevalence of metaphorical and literal entropy in The Crying of Lot 49 (Dodge) to detailed cartographies of the labyrinthine progression of the novel (Gleason) continually adorn the firmaments of academia. This is to say, The Crying of Lot 49 has spurred an intellectual devotion to its enigmatic elements, while the tangible and perhaps more immediate issues of the novel remain relatively undisturbed; the plain has become engulfed and diminished by the remarkable. The problem of race and culture within the novel, particularly the subjugation of a loosely defined underclass, is one such element that has been woefully unrealized. The strict racial and cultural divisions, and the tensions arising therein, found in Pynchon’s novel represent a vital yet often overlooked method of unlocking both the author’s social position and the underlying motivations and intentions that shape The Crying of Lot 49. With the exception of Steven Weisenburger’s brief essay â€Å"Reading Race† (which attempts little more than a classroom guide to the text), the treatment of race within the novel, as both a poignant social commentary and a mechanism by which to understand the work, has historically received little attention. Weisenburger suggests that the presence of race within the novel is mostly ignored because â€Å"the story’s all about white folks†¦isn’t it?† (52). While the novel partially desensitizes a rac ial understanding through its nearly exclusive use of white characters, the true desensitization of race occurs by means of its apparently nonexistent remarkability amidst a sea of plot convolutions and eccentric unconventionalities. Readers lowering themselves tentatively into the Pynchonian rabbit-hole of Lot 49 will notice immediately the playful puns that beckon and wink from every page, or perhaps the liberal nomenclature that positively begs for Freudian interpretation; the allure of these literary devices coaxes most readers away from the comparatively dull issue of cultural divide. Yet in the same year that his novel was published, Pynchon was composing â€Å"A Journey Into the Mind of Watts†, a surprisingly visceral essay that grapples with the racial turmoil festering in the Los Angeles neighborhood. While the accompaniment of Lot 49 by a comparatively solemn work of social commentary does not altogether resolve the immortal question of the novel’s true meaning, it does lend a considerable amount of credibility to a racial understanding of the text. Thus, an alternate reading of the novel, one that relies both on textual and contextual interpretations and the cultural forces exerting press ure on Pynchon at the time of his authorship is required. This argument ultimately frames Oedipa as the inheritor of the knowledge that a colonized subclass exists, subjugated and dehumanized by the bourgeoisie society that she has, far so long, willingly placed herself. Oedipa’s journey, and ours, begins with Pierce Inverarity, the perfect manifestation of the white upper class, the spectral figure that Jesà ºs Arrabal describes as â€Å"another world’s intrusion into this one† (97). Inverarity is the unmoved mover, the tipper of the primordial domino that sets Oedipa in motion. Inverarity as the enterprising capitalist and Arrabal as the suppressed radical syndicalist are indeed representatives of mutually excusive â€Å"worlds†, and the collision of these worlds, this â€Å"kiss of cosmic pool balls†, precipitates a real and tangible racial, if not cultural, conflict. These worlds are initially defined and separated by Inverarity’s characterization as a colonizing force. As Metzger and Oedipa fa ll deeper and deeper into a tequila-soaked revelry, she asks the question, â€Å"What the hell didn’t he (Inverarity) own?† To which Metzger cryptically responds, â€Å"You tell me† (25). The breadth of Inverarity’s monetary influence over his surroundings is indicative of a colonial force not only by its formation of a natural socio-economic hierarchy but also by the nature of those under its subjugating power. The Turkish bath, the Yoyodyne employees bound to various extremist political ideals, the Beaconsfield cigarette filters that may or may not have been wrought from the bones of slain soldiers; each of Inverarity’s financial interests seem to maintain some linkage to the foreign, the ostracized, the dispossessed. Shifting from the fictionalized to the actual world of Pynchon, we see in his essay on Watts a similar notion of colonial oppression contingent on white monetary supremacy: â€Å"While the white culture is concerned with various fo rms of systematized follythe economy of the area in fact depending on itthe black culture is stuck pretty much with basic realities like disease, like failure, violence and death, which the whites have mostly chosenand can affordto ignore.† Inverarity as a fictionalized metaphor for this type of colonial oppression corroborates the Pynchonian class distinction and provides further insight into the author’s social observations and obligations. Commenting on the subversive racial alterity, Pynchon observes, â€Å"the two cultures do not understand each other† (Watts). While the cultures Pynchon refers to be those of the white and the black, the sentiment broadened to represent the cultures of privilege and poverty is equally effective (Pynchon refers to this latter culture as â€Å"disinherited† in his novel). In either case, Pynchon posits that this cultural disease is merely a symptom of an inability to communicate, to reach a mutual understanding. Furthermore, Pynchon’s diagnosis appears to fault the upper class citizens for a sort of failed reticence, or a refusal to acknowledge the widening gap between the two cultures: â€Å"Somehow it occurs to very few of them (the elite) to leave at the Imperial Highway exit for a change, go east instead of west only a few blocks, and take a look at Watts. A quick look. The simplest kind of beginning. But Watts is a country which lies, psychologically, uncounted miles further than most whites seem at present willing to travel (Watts)†. The problem outlined here by Pynchon is not one of practical or social inability, but rather one of cultural apathy: the privileged class is simply not interested in recognizing the plight of the disenfranchised. The resultant impossibility of communication is mirrored perfectly in various sequences of the novel. The constant stream of information required to enable Maxwell’s Demon is nonexistent (77); the letter given to Oedipa by the drug-addicted sailor will never reach his distant wife (98); the symbol of the subjugated class’s reclusion itself, the post-horn, is interminably muted. Yet the impossibility of cultural transversal that Pynchon laments in his essay is realized in his literature in the form of Oedipa; her frenzied migration from Tupperware-toting housewife to subculture journeywoman is the author’s fictionalized attempt to diagram the consequences of a cultural overlap. Probably the most pertinent section of The Crying of Lot 49 in regards to Oedipa’s realization of the disinherited class is her foray into the San Francisco slums. Weisenburger is bold enough to read this passage as the novel’s ultimate climax, saying, â€Å"For there is where she witnesses the crime of disinheritance, of alienating oppression† (55). Her devolution into the Californian underworld is especially telling because it reveals Pynchon’s expectations of the results of a privileged class member (drawing once again this passage from his essay) going a few miles outside of her comfort zone to take a quick look at the lot of the disinherited. Oedipa’s â€Å"quick look† at the colonized members of Californian society produces in her a startling realization, the type of â€Å"cataclysmic shock† (97) that Jesà ºs Arrabal describes for her in his Mexican restaurant. Her realization of her favorable position in the newly discovered social hierarchy is inherently racial; she notes her relation to Chinatown, to the â€Å"greasy Mexican spoons†, to the Negro-filled bus rides. All of this coincides with her reluctant discovery that â€Å"the city was hers, as, made up and sleeked so with the customary words and images (cosmopolitan, culture, cable cars) it had not been before† (96). Pealing back the usual dà ©cor of the city’s cosmopolitan glamor to reveal a shriveled underclass, Oedipa realizes her apparent ownership of her sur roundings due to her place of upper-middle class prestige in the American class system. If her distress during these few frantic pages is one of conscience, of realizing her role in the subjugation of millions of American misfits, then the emphasis of her discovery is not on the possible existence of an underground postal system, but rather on those marginalized souls whose social position requires them to utilize it. Pynchon’s portrayal of Oedipa is not an apathetic one. In fact, her desire for cultural reconciliation is explicitly detailed, in particular, by her interaction with the elderly sailor: â€Å"What voices overhear, flinders of luminescent gods glimpsed among the wallpaper’s stained foliage, candlestubs lit to rotate in the air over him†¦thus to end among the flaming, secret salts held all those years by the insatiable stuffing of a mattress that could keep vestiges of every nightmare sweat, helpless overflowing bladder, viciously, tearfully consummated wet dream, like the memory bank to a computer of the lost? She was overcome all at once by a need to touch him†¦as if she would not remember him without it† (125). The poeticized form of this passage, overladen with overtly sensitive rather than the usual technical language, conveys the depth of Oedipa’s human connection with the disinherited class. Furthermore, her longing for physical contact demo nstrates her psychological need to remember what she has discovered. The brief connection forged between the opposing classes, between the colonizers and the colonized, is held aloft by Oedipa in this moment. Yet the intense emotional connection felt by Oedipa is ultimately incapable of producing true social progress, as Pynchon renders his heroine helpless to revert the established social structure. The passivity of Oedipa in the scenes following her San Francisco sojourn suggest the impossibility of class reformation in the eyes of Pynchon. In the course of her investigatory duties, she comes in contact with Winthrop Tremaine, a devout racist who profits from the sale of swastika armbands manufactured by underpaid black laborers. Upon learning of the business practices of Tremaine, Oedipa retrospectively decides, â€Å"she should’ve called him something, or tried to hit him with any dozen heavy blunt objects in easy reach†¦You’re a chicken. This is America, you live in it, you let it happen† (149). The resultant tension between the inertia of Oedipa’s empathic desires and the gravity of the established order seems to preclude all forms of social progress and suggests an inherent complicity with the opposed, hierarchal nature of the two classes. Much like Watts, the subjugated lower class that Oedipa is desperate to aid exists both as a neglected physical entity and as a psychological state of permanence, one with which the privileged are unable to connect. Placing matters back into the context of racial forms, Pynchon’s statement about the immobility of Watts is particularly relevant: â€Å"Watts lies impacted in the heart of this white fantasy. It is, by contrast, a pocket of bitter reality. The only illusion Watts ever allowed itself was to believe for a long time in the white version of what a Negro was supposed to be† (Watts). Relating this concept to the text, the â€Å"white fantasy† may be seen as the continued colonization of the disinherited underclass: the drug-addicted sailors, the members of Inamorati Anonymous, the night watchman nibbling at a bar of Ivory Soap. These men and women are eternally connected by their shared inhabitance of the â€Å"pocket of bitter reality† and, of course, by the Tristero. In his essay, Pynchon comments on the total lack of communication between the two socially opposed classes, ascribing the widening gap between them as a symptom of this communicative void. The Crying of Lot 49, by contrast, is permeated by the recurring theme of communication. Among the swirl of radio disc jockeys and entropic mediums, the myth of the Tristero emerges as the most thematically dominant form of communication within the text, as well as the main symbolic emblem of the underclass. A cursory reading of the novel might reveal the Tristero mail system as the last refuge of t he disinherited, their sole source of empowerment against the colonizing force of the upper class. A support of such an argument may be found in Oedipa’s internal observation of the post-horn’s clandestine universality: â€Å"For here were God knew how many citizens, deliberately choosing not to communicate by U.S. Mail†¦it was a calculated withdrawl, from the life of the Republic, from its machinery. Whatever else was being denied them out of hate, indifference to the power of their vote†¦the withdrawal was their own†¦Since they could not have withdrawn into a vacuum (could they?), there had to exist the separate, silent, unsuspected world† (123). This sort of classification appears to lend these forgotten citizens at least a degree of autonomy; that they have consciously withdrawn from the â€Å"Republic† is at the very least commendable as an act of coordinated and deliberate noncompliance. Yet further inspection negates the apparent sovereignty of such an act. Pynchon, in his essay, clearly states that the causal force of social paralysis is the two classes’ ongoing existence within mutually exclusive spheres of communication; the whites (privileged) communicate with the whites, the blacks (disinherited) with the blacks. How then, if class unity is the ultimate objective, is the Tristero system beneficial to the plight of the dispossessed? Weisenburger’s contention is something similar, stating that, â€Å"the message system works concertedly with oppression, because any minority population’s withdrawal from the life of the Republic would be tailor-made for a segregationist and colonialist regime of power† (57). The Tristero, then, is not a vehicle of empowerment for these citizens, but rather it functions as a vital cog in the colonialist machine. It is a weapon wielded by the colonizing upper class, of which the colonized are well aware; o n the Negro bus, a terrified messenger has scribbled, under the anagram D.E.A.T.H., â€Å"Don’t Ever Antagonize The Horn† (122). The realization that the true benefactors of the Tristero are those who wish to preserve the status quo is crucial to a racial reading of the text, as well as a fuller understanding of Pynchon’s societal discourse. We read fiction, in the narrowest sense, with the hope of comprehending and interpreting it. Yet perhaps our broader hope is that our understanding of a specific text will facilitate, at least in part, our understanding of the society in which we live. A cultural and potentially racial reading of The Crying of Lot 49 accomplishes both of these purported objectives. If Pynchon, like his fictional director Randolph Driblette, is indeed the prism through which a kaleidoscopic world is ultimately projected, then our understanding of both the text and the culture for which it was produced collides with his. Our specialized racial vantage point allows us to view Oedipa as a rope stretched between two culturally polarized classes, a transversal figure that ultimately is incapable of producing real change. Stepping outside the text, we see this incapacity as a metaphor of the psychological permanence of colonization. The reader is united with Oedipa in the grim realization that little could be done for those beneath the cultural divide. Our racial understanding of The Crying of Lot 49 reveals the Tristero organization as a force of subjugation rather than emancipation, yet this understanding carries with it broader implications outside of the novel, as we see the poor and disenfranchised reduced to inferior methods of communication. This reduction is, in Pynchon’s mind (as evidenced by â€Å"Watts†), the primary obstacle in the path of racial and cultural progress. The Crying of Lot 49 is in many ways a tremendous piece of fiction; yet perhaps even more impressive is its ability to convey racial and cultural truths through its metaphoric language.

The Legalization of Marijuana Ending Prohibition - Free Essay Example

Marijuana, one of the most commonly used substances in the world, is a psychoactive drug that comes from the Cannabis plant. There are many different nicknames that marijuana can be referred to as, including pot, weed, Mary Jane, ganja, flower, or bud; all of which describe portions of the Cannabis plant which likely originated in Asia. Marijuana is the psychoactive portion of the plant, and comes from the dried flowering buds, leaves, stems, and seeds of the plant (FNP, 2018). Marijuana can be consumed in numerous ways, such as smoking or eating it, and the main psychoactive ingredient of the plant is called Tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly known as THC. Although marijuana remains an illegal, schedule 1 controlled substance in most states, there are multiple states that have, and are legalizing it due to the prolonged history it acquires, its numerous medicinal benefits that are continuing to be found today, and the many gains legalizing it can bring to the economy. The Cannabis plant has been around for thousands of years, preceding recorded history. It likely originated in Asia, near the Central Asian steppe or the Altai and Tian Shian mountains. From the sites where prehistoric hunters and gatherers lived to ancient China and Viking ships, humans utilized every part and species of the plant. Cannabis Sativa L, commonly known as Hemp, dates all the way back to 8000 B.C. It is believed that China has the longest continuous history of Hemp cultivation, over 6000 years. Hemp fibers were likely the earliest plant cultivated, especially for its fibers, due to the fact that it preceded many other fibers and natural resources including linen and cotton. Hemp cultivation has been used in many different cultures for many different reasons. Hemp fibers were used to make bowstrings for Chinese Archers and were a lot stronger and durable than bowstrings created from bamboo. Hemp ropes were also very important because they helped make ocean voyages succes sful for thousands of years, even ancient rulers in Greece such as Hieron II used hemp for ships. Hemp paper, food and clothing were also discovered around the first century BC. Hemp seeds contain protein and amino acids, which are both essential in human health. Many cultures used hemp in their food. Healthy ancient hemp-seed deserts made by the Romans, or the natives of India who claimed that hemp was the favorite food of the God Shiva are examples (Earleywine, 2005). Humans have fashioned clothing from hemp for a very long time, and in many places including ancient parts of the world. Hemp fibers helped to minimize the need to use animal skin, and may have been a lot more comfortable to wear! Medical use of marijuana began around 2737 BC, long after the plants first use as fiber. Famous for discovering many other medicines, Chinese emperor Shen Neng was prescribing cannabis tea for gout, malaria, beriberi, rheumatism, and even poor memory (Earleywine, 2005). Cannabiss purpose as a medicine helped it expand from ancient Asia to all over the map. The plant appeared steadily in pharmacopoeia as well as folk and traditional medicine. Throughout ancient history, there have been records of using Cannabis medically, and not a single death reported. Although marijuana never hurt anyone, physical and psychoactive effects were eventually reported. The Chinese actually knew there were psychoactive effects. In fact, some physicians advised consumption in small amounts because it could result in seeing devils or communicating with spirits (Earleywine, 2005). Despite the fact that marijuana was primarily used as medicine, and most plants had little THC in them, there is history of recr eational use, specifically in religious ceremonies or healing practices. Cannabis use as medicine finally spread to the US when an Irish physician named William OShaughnessy with the British East India company discovered the medicinal benefits through Indian research (Earleywine, 2005). He discovered that it was used to treat ailments like rheumatism, nausea, and rabies in the 1840s and helped popularize these medicinal uses in the United States as well as Europe. By the 1850s, doctors in the US were using it to treat tons of disorders, including gout, depression, pain, hysteria, and nervous conditions (Wilson, 2014). Cannabis use rose extremely quickly, and fell even quicker. By the end of the 19th century, marijuana was starting to become outlawed. During the Mexican revolution, there was an influx of Mexican immigrants coming in to the US, many of whom brought marijuana with them. The roots of criminalizing marijuana fell back on racism, which unfortunately, is still being carried out today. There were those who wanted control over Mexican immigrants, and used marijuana as an excuse to detain and deport them. Propaganda about how marijuana caused people of color to become violent quickly followed, leading to the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 which banned the use and sales of marijuana (Wilson, 2014). It is ironic how decades ago, drugs have produced unequal outcomes across racial groups, and it is STILL happening today. Racism and lack of information helped make marijuana far more abusive than it actually was, and because of this, states began to make it illegal. As a result of the drug prohibition movement, medicinal as well as recreational use was prohibited in the US for almost half a century. From the 1940s until now, there has been a lobby to legalize it in the US. One aspect was legalizing it as a medicine. Today marijuana is still federally illegal, however, there are many organizations and petitions trying to legalize it, such as the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) that formed in 1970 (Wilson, 2014). In recent years, there have been many efforts to legalize the drug, both medically and recreationally. Today, 20 states plus Washington D.C have passed marijuana-related laws medically, and 9 plus D.C have legalized it recreationally (CBD vs. THC). The marijuana debate has become a key issue in all states, with its medical benefits being a major benefit. Nearly half of US states have legalized marijuana for medical use. As the demand for marijuana and other cannabis product grows, consumers cant help but won der what exactly marijuana is, and what options they have. There are two main components found in the Cannabis plant; Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD). Both of these compounds interact with the bodys endocannabinoid system, which impacts the release of neurotransmitters, as well as having the same molecular structure. Although they have the same molecular structure, they have very different effects, due to many different reasons; the main one being its psychoactive components (CBD vs. THC). THC is the main psychoactive ingredient of the cannabis plant, which produces the stoned effect that is associated with smoking pot. This component of the plant can be found in the resin of the plant. THC binds with the cannabinoid 1 receptors in the brain which gives off that high effect (CBD vs. THC). The other component of the plant, CBD, is a non-psychoactive compound and primarily comes from the hemp part of the plant. Although both compounds are similar in many ways and have many medical benefits, they do have differences, psychologi cally and physically. THC and CBD both have many similarities and differences in how they affect the body. Both compounds can be consumed in many of the same ways which include being smoked or eaten. THC binds with CB1 receptors in the brain, reaching the pleasure centers in the brain, and can produce feelings of euphoria by letting a chemical loose called Dopamine. This is known as being high or body-high. The effects that THC can give off vary from person to person. Some psychological effects include heightened sensations and creativity, pleasant alterations of perceptions of time, and heightened sociability. These are just a few of the psychological benefits of marijuana. Legalizing it recreationally can help people in many ways. There are artists who smoke pot to help them paint and draw, or maybe some use cannabis to reduce many types of anxiety. Although CBD is non-psychoactive and cannot make someone high, it does have therapeutic effects such as being used as an anti-anxiety supplement, as well a s many of the same physical effects as THC. THC and CBD both alleviate pain, reduce nausea, anxiety, insomnia, and can also stimulate appetite with none of the side effects that come with traditional medicine (Wilson, 2014). CBD is well tolerable, even if in high doses so it doesnt cause increased heart rate, dry mouth, or red eyes. Many of the symptoms that marijuana helps treat, can actually be side effects from disease and illnesses. Many people today turn to marijuana to treat a variety of medical issues, including cancer, depression/anxiety disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and STDs. There have been many studies that show THC may actually work to kill cancer cells. Scientists have been starting to discover Cannabinoids such as CBD and THC may slow the growth and possibly kill certain cancer cells. Smoking marijuana has also been shown to help cancer patients who are going through chemotherapy, which can cause nausea and vomiting. Marijuana has been known to cause the munchies, and smoking it can help by giving the patient an appetite. Not only can legalizing marijuana ease the horrible side effects that come with cancer, it can also give scientists more access to run tests and possibly find permanent cures for life-threatening diseases like cancer. There are also animal studies suggesting that CBD can reduce behavioral and physiological measures of stress and anxiety. There have actually been studies done in Israel and Europe that have investigated the utility of THC to treat PTSD (Wilson, 2014). Researchers are also testing marijuana in other areas as a treatment for diseases like epilepsy, Parkinsons, and Chrons. In June 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration actually approved a cannabidiol based drug called Epidiolex, which is a drug taken orally to treat seizures associated with certain types of epilepsy syndromes (CITE). Marijuana has also been shown to help symptoms of Parkinsons Disease such as tremor, stiffness, insomnia, weight loss and pain (APDAPARKINSONS). There have even been videos posted on social media that show what happens when someone with severe Parkinsons Disease as well as HIV/Aids tries marijuana for the first time. The dyskinesia immediately stopped after a man used marijuana for the first time as well as an AIDS patient who moved to a different states so he could use cannabis legally for his symptoms. The fact that there is physical evidence that marijuana can stop symptoms like these automatically be a reason for cannabis to be legal. Nobody shoul d have to move to a different state so that they can live more comfortably. Not only that, marijuana should also be federally legal so doctors and scientists all over the united states can utilize the benefits that medical marijuana brings to people suffering from these types of illnesses. This will help the public health overall while creating many economic benefits. The marijuana debate has become a key issue in all areas ranging from medicine to politics. Legalizing marijuana for economic reasons is one of the hottest topics debated today. There are many reasons why legalizing marijuana can help the economy, including the amount of money that can be generated through taxing it, the amount of jobs and investment opportunities it can create, and the corrupt implications of the legal system that can benefit from legal pot. Imagine if marijuana was legalized and taxed like alcohol and tobacco are. In 2015, state and local governments were able to collect 18 billion dollars from tobacco taxes as well as a whopping 16 billion in alcohol (urban.org). Keep in mind that alcohol and tobacco both kill millions of people every year. Now imagine if marijuana was legalized and taxed the same way are alcohol and tobacco. In Colorado, estimates that taxes on legal marijuana can range anywhere from 5 to 60 million a year. If marijuana was taxed, local and state governments could make millions of dollars from it! This money could benefit the US in so many different ways, such as schools and programs like Medicare. There are also so many homeless people in the world, so this money could even help get people off the streets. Not only will taxing cannabis provide tons of profit, there will also be more jobs and investment opportunities which will only make even more money. Once marijuana is legalized, there will be tons of marijuana dispensaries that need to be set up in order to keep the supply coming. This will create many jobs such as growing, trimming, and packaging it, as well as opportunities for second industries. Just because some industries are not directly related to cannabis, they can be involved with the production and distribution. Software developers, financing services and construction companies can all easily benefit from the legalization of marijuana. A study in Nevada says that legalizing recreational marijuana in the states could support over 41,000 jobs, also generating money in labor income (Krishna, The Economic Benefits). Marijuana is already showing many economic benefits through the states that have legalized it, so prohibiting it is just stopping all of the other states from also benefiting. When considering the economic benefits, it is also important to think of the time, money, and space that could be saved if marijuana was legal. Officers wouldnt have to worry about searching for, arresting, prosecuting and incarcerating a couple of stoners, they could instead focus more on other crimes such as murders and rape cases. There would be an overall lower cost of enforcement because there would be fewer court cases, and fewer incarcerations. This alone saves tons of time, money and jail space. Criminalization of minor drug offenses, such as marijuana, can actually increase crime. Because marijuana is the most popular recreational drug in the United States, legalizing it can decrease deadly trafficking activities, as well as help government corruption (Wilson, 2014). There will be less contributions to the black market because people will no longer need to break the law and go to that extent to get it. Doing so would help shift the focus from incarceration to rehabilitation, helping implications of the legal system. As stated earlier, the root of marijuana prohibition was racism, another hot topic of today. Marijuana is still being used today to detain, deport and incarcerate people just because of their skin color. Legalizing it is vital to ending the racist war on drugs. For example, if a white male and an African American male were both accused of having marijuana, the African American would automatically be accused first simply because of the color of his skin. There are many studies that state all races use marijuana at roughly the same rates. How is it that there are more people of color in jail for marijuana? Although there are those who have their reasons for prohibition; whether it be for concerns about youth drug use to confusion among law enforcement to even those who just dont want change. More and more states are decriminalizing it and proving the many compelling reasons to consider nationwide legalization. There so many different reasons why prohibition needs to end. The Cannabis plant has done nothing but benefit the human population since the beginning of time. Drugs like alcohol and tobacco kill millions of people every year and can be bought everywhere. There has never been one case where marijuana alone has taken someones life. It simply makes no sense for marijuana to be classified as a schedule 1 druga drug with no medical benefits and a high probability of abuse/addictionsuch as heroin. It is ironic that marijuana is safer than many drugs you can buy over the counter such as tobacco and alcohol, yet it still remains federally illegal. Although marijuana still remains federa lly illegal, it is important for people to understand how wonderful and beneficial the Cannabis plant can be. As more and more states continue to legalize and discover its history, medical, and economic benefits, it is only a matter of time until marijuana will be legalized across the nation. References CBD vs. THC: Properties, Benefits, and Side Effects. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/cbd-vs-thc Earleywine, M., Marlatt, G. A. (2005). Understanding marijuana: A new look at the scientific evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Grinspoon, L. (1994). Marihuana reconsidered: The most thorough evaluation of the benefits and dangers of cannabis. San Francisco, CA: Quick American Archives. Iversen, L. (2001). Science of Marijuana. Krishna, M. (2018, October 22). The Economic Benefits of Legalizing Weed. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/insights/110916/economic-benefits-legalizing-weed.asp

The Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber - 1508 Words

Analyzing Gender Norms in â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber† In Hemingway’s short story, The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, we begin with the married couple, Franics and Margaret Macomber, on a safari in Africa with a man named Robert Wilson. Francis is shown to be a coward when he shoots his first lion twice, but is too afraid to finish it off even though it may be suffering. Margaret is very displeased with her husband’s cowardice and shows her contempt by berating him profusely. Francis is awoken from his sleep late at night after a bad dream to find his wife, Margaret, is gone. When she returns to the tent she claims she was out getting â€Å"a breath of air† but Francis knew she had just slept with Robert Wilson. Francis†¦show more content†¦Margot seemed distraught in the story and said â€Å"I wish it hadn’t happened. Oh, I wish it hadn’t happened† (2). She went to her tent and appeared to be crying because her shoulders were shaking. Francis’ cowardice makes him less of a man in Margaret’s eyes than he already was, putting an even bigger strain on their marriage and opening the door to infidelity with Wilson who is painted as a strong male character throughout the story. Wilson thinks to himself in the story â€Å"Well, why doesn’t he keep his wife where she belongs? What does he think I am, a bloody plaster saint? Let him keep her where she belongs. It’s his own fault† (12). Hemingway uses this line to display the idea that a man can’t control his own urges and he has to keep his wife in check with his own actions. Wilson takes no responsibility for the infidelity and blames it all on Francis’ cowardice. If Francis had shown courage in this moment it could have reignited the passion in Francis and Margaret’s marriage rather than put an unnecessary strain on it further complicating their dichotomy. He should have been the brave man his wife needed to see providing for her so she could feel some sense of passion with him. Hemingway also seems to want to show us that a man needs to have a sense of adventure. If Francis had more of a sense of adventure like Robert Wilson his wife would’ve been less likely to cheat on him. Throughout the story Wilson shows this adventurer’s spirit by not beingShow MoreRelatedThe Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber1145 Words   |  5 PagesItaly. The Cat in the Rain, Indian Camp and especially The Short Happy Life Francis Macomber represent this shift in the political climate of Italy. In his short stories Hemingway portrays knowledge as the dispersion of absolute power. The holders of power withhold knowledge to assert their power, attempt to nullify knowledge once it has been gained, and Force their way long after the strategy was applicable. In many of Hemingway’s short stories the oppressors attempts to prevent the oppressed fromRead MoreThe Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber1240 Words   |  5 Pages224 Cheryl Temple July 10, 2017 The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber: A Hemingway Hero In his novel â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber†, Ernest Hemingway portrays the conflict of how Americans consider normal aspects of admirable and heroic behavior. Francis Macomber, a wealthy American citizen goes on a visit the safari for an adventurous hunt. Francis wants to learn how to hunt and prove to himself that he can be a heroic male. Margot Macomber, his wife, accompanies him on his travelRead MoreThe Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber1744 Words   |  7 PagesIn Ernest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,† Hemingway uses the author’s craft of perspective, along with dialogue and internal dialogue to create a multi-part claim that develops an overall negative characterization of the three main characters. Hemingway develops the characterization of Wilson, Margaret, and Francis by using multiple perspectives as he threads a negative tone throughout the story. All throughout the story, readers are given the chance to look insideRead MoreOf The Rain, And The Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber1229 Words   |  5 Pagesdominant attitude, and, as the old saying goes, fear created gods†. (John Dewey) Life often works like this. One person is dependant on the another. Ernest Hemingway wrote two very intriguing stories, Cat in the Rain, and The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber. Both stories have a lead female character who is very vulnerable and counts on the other men in the story. Hemingway portrays women as dependant on the men in his short stories. The women in his stories rely on their husbands, have affairs withRead MoreThe Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber Essay801 Words   |  4 Pagesto fear, but fear itself.† Known by many, this common phrase has few words, but a intense meaning. In Ernest Hemingway’s short story, â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,† the overcoming of fear is shown th roughout the story. Francis Macomber and his wife Margaret Macomber are on an African safari with a man name Robert Wilson. Hemingway portrays Francis Macomber as wealthy and beautiful, yet cowardly. Macombers wife Margaret also young and beautiful, but seemingly dissatisfied withRead MoreThe Killers And The Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber1731 Words   |  7 Pages The Killers and The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber By: Ernest Hemingway When analysing Ernest Hemingway s work in both â€Å"The Killers† and â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber† you come across many forms of literary devices that hemingway used throughout both novelas and how his application of the elements used in both stories. In both stories we see him use the themes of violence and grace when faced with violence as well as demonstrating the power relations between the characters ofRead More Analysis of The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber by Ernest Hemingway909 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber by Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway is known for producing novels and short stories with ambiguous endings. In his short story, The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, he definitely leaves his readers guessing. The question is whether Margot kills her husband, Francis, intenionally, or if she accidentally shoots him in an effort to save his life. There are many points that could be argued for both conclusions, but my observationsRead MoreThe Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber by Ernest Hemingway Essay1040 Words   |  5 Pagesverisimilar appearance of truth and correctness (even when doing things incorrectly, because after all, people make mistakes.) And with this distinction, we can begin to assess the characters in the eponymously titled short story of discussion in this paper: â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,† by Ernest Hemingway. Starting from the character with the least impact—or to say, the character that does the least in terms of plot (and Im speaking relatively, of course), is Robert Wilson, the â€Å"white hunter†Read MoreThe Snows of Kilimanjaro and The Short, Happy Life of Francis Macomber2435 Words   |  10 PagesErnest Hemingway was an intricate and dedicated writer who devoted a significant portion of his life to writing multiple genres of stories. Throughout his stories, the similarities in his style and technique are easily noted and identified. Two of the short stories he wrote contain themes and motifs that specifically explain the plotline. The first story, â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro,† sets its scene in the depths of a desolate area in Africa, where the main characters, Harry and his wife, decide toRead MoreThe Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber By Ernest Hemingway1296 Words   |  6 Pagesthe darker parts of their nature and the insecurities they hide within. T he short story â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber† by Ernest Hemingway depicts the struggles between people caused by their weaknesses, yet are built upon the inner workings of gender roles, and how losing their fears could have let them break away from their cycle. The story starts with the wife, Margot Macomber, trying to join the men, Francis and Wilson, in conversation but they both quickly kick her from her wants in

U.s. Department Of Homeland Security Essay - 1796 Words

As a Chief executive, the president’s main duties are to enforce and execute laws however they see fit. The President signs executive orders directing law enforcement agencies, including the agencies that enforce immigration laws, that has â€Å"prosecutorial discretion†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the power to decide whom to investigate, arrest, detain, charge, and prosecute. The Agencies may develop discretionary policies specific to the laws they are charged with enforcing, the population they serve, and the problem they face. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) may decide how to prioritize its resources in order to meet its stated enforcement goals that are set by the President. With executive unilateral powers the president, drafts policies without and sometimes over the objection of Congress or the courts. The President can design policies regarding the immigration matter without approval of Congress, he can simply follow the former presidents’ footsteps on immigrat ion laws. I am making the argument that U.S. President does have too much unilateral power. The United States President is an independent authority under the constitution, that possesses independent legal basis for taking actions. Now that Donald Trump got elected as America’s next president, what can he do on his own regarding immigration matters? Ellis (2015) states unilateral directives comes in many different forms, it includes proclamation, national security, military orders and presidential memoranda. These are allShow MoreRelatedU.s. Department Of Homeland Security1668 Words   |  7 Pages1. Purpose Among one of the missions of The U.S. Department of Homeland Security is to protect and preserve the security of the Cyberspace in the country. The principal objective of this Security Plan is to give instructions and direction for the Department’s workers and help the Homeland Security to create best practices and strategies in the IT security system. 2. 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Ac cording to DHS, there were an estimated 331 hacks or physical attacks against the U.S. power grid from 2011 to 2014. As of February 2016, they are occurring at a rate of once every 4 days. â€Å"A major cyberattack on the U.S. electric grid could cause over $1 trillion in economicRead MoreU.s. Department Of Homeland Security1261 Words   |  6 Pagesand therefore must also prepare to minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur. As September 11 showed and proved to us that we are not where we are supposed to be, the aftermath showed us how vulnerable we were. The Department of Homeland Security has made tremendous improvement since then to ensure the preparedness of our nation’s emergency response professionals, provide the federal government’s response, aid America’s recovery from terrorist attacks and natural disasters andRead MoreU.s. 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The core mission of the Department of Homeland Security include prevent terrorism and enhancing security, secure and manage our borders, enforce and administer our immigration laws, safeguard and secure cyberspace, ensure resilience to disasters (Department of Homeland SecurityRead MoreHomeland Security1085 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ AMERICAN MILITARY UNIVERSITY HOMELAND SECUIRTY Brittany Staley HLSS302: Paper #2 May 11, 2014 In the years since 9/11, homeland security has turn out to be frequently and generally identified as both a word and as a Federal department. However, a large amount has been learned since 9/11 concerning the array of further challenges we face. Hurricane Katrina strongly illustrates the general impact of weak preparedness andRead MoreHomeland Security And Homeland Defense1321 Words   |  6 Pagesin its security. The result of the tragic events was the establishment of homeland security. The White House, the federal government and the Congress joined together to establish it. On September 20, 2001, President George W. Bush issued an executive order 13228 to establish an Office of Homeland Security within the White House and assigning the Governor of Pennsylvania, Tom Ridge as its Director (Bullock, Haddow, Coppola, 2013, p. 4). Ever since, the United States (U.S.) Department of HomelandRead MoreHomeland Security And Homeland Defense1390 Words   |  6 Pages Many people think homeland security and homeland defense are the same thing, but that is incorrect. Both have played a role in keeping America safe, but after 9/11 that role expanded greatly. The U.S. was determined to prevent another catastrophic attack from unfolding while searching the globe for those responsible. In a world constantly evolving, our enemies and their tactics evolve with it. To effectively combat the incredible amount of threats America faces, many federal entities and mission

How Were The Ideological Foundations Of The 1790s French...

Indentification and Evaluation of Sources This investigation will focus on the question of â€Å"How were the ideological foundations of the 1790s French monarchy challenged by political Enlightenment philosophers and writers?† The French monarchy was controlled by an authoritarian regime which created political and economic issues in its society of the 18th century. Montesquieu, John Locke, and Rousseau were political philosophers who successfully expressed their writings and ideas to the public who then were able to challenge the despotic influences that governed France. Due to the inclusion and close evaluation of these philosophers it was determined that Enlightenment and Utility: Bentham in French, Bentham in France by Emmanuelle De Champs and The Oxford History of the French Revolution by William Doyle are valuable sources to the investigation. Both sources state how these thinkers represented enlightenment in legal thought as well as the works of these writers and the influence these works had. This information should act as the focus of the investigation and aid in answering the question. Source A: The Oxford History of the French Revolution: Enlightened Opinion (44-66) The source includes a wide range of information written by the Chairman of the School of History, William Doyle. As a secondary source the book’s origin is from the Oxford University Press as they published it in 1989. The author’s purpose was to go through history of the French Revolution, startingShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesDavid M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies

Pros And Cons Of Online Education - 1438 Words

In today’s modern society, lack of education has become an obstacle to personal achievement. More often than not, being successful and having a lucrative career is dependent on obtaining a higher education. To meet this increased demand there has been a rise in the number of schools that now offer online courses and degrees as a viable, convenient, and cost effective option for an increasing number of their student populations. The online option has become popular with a large number of students. With this popularity, it was inevitable that a debate would arise over whether the proliferation of online learning in our country is moving us in the right direction. Education has inarguably become easier because of online programs, but has†¦show more content†¦This provides a counterargument and a base from which he can make his stand. Bustamante works methodically toward dispelling this popular opinion in several steps. First, he describes for his readers how Rio Salado C ollege in Tempe Arizona took a calculated risk in developing their online program. He then states for his readers the claim made by the critics that â€Å"students would not adjust well to such a radical change in their learning environment† (Kirszner and Mandell 217). Bustamante expects his readers to logically follow along with his refutation of the critics and come to see the value of online learning for themselves. He accomplishes this by cataloging the enormous success of the online program at Rio Salado, which now has enrollment numbers of around 41,000 online students, as well as, over 600 online courses. Bustamante’s point is this: how could a program that has proven to be successful, not be a step in the right direction? He is building support for his position by refuting the opinions of the critics with quantifiable evidence, and at the same time, he is alleviating any of the same concerns in the minds of his readers. Bustamante further describes for his audi ence how the college was proactive in responding to what they believed was a shift in student needs. He describes how they moved forward beyond the normal college experience despite their detractors. This is anShow MoreRelatedTechnology: Its Effect on Education Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesEducation is â€Å"The act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life† (Education). Technology comes in many forms including the Internet. It can be used in many different ways, one being educational purposes. 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Traditional classes provide unmatched face-to-face interaction with professors and classmates. In her article, â€Å"Traditional vs online learning: which is right for you†, Janelle Pagnucco, a communications engineer at ECO Canada explains, â€Å"A classroom environment allows for instant expression of opinionsRead MorePros and Cons of Private Schools838 Words   |  3 Pageschildren especially their education because it is the foundation for a child’s success as education molds character and provides the learning process to have a bright future. Primary and secondary education would build their skills and qualities that they can incorporate in higher education to achieve heights of success. Higher education gives you the opportunity to study a subject you are interested in and boost your career prospects and earnings potential. Higher education could benefit you in a numberRead MoreOnline Education1381 Words   |  6 PagesOnline Education Education is an important part of peoples lives; it will either make them or break them in the future depending on the careers they choose. Education is greatly diverse today in comparison to the 1950s because of advancements in teaching and other great inventions that provide easier techniques of teaching. One major issue that has been raised is distant learning courses and online education. Distant learning could be any format from VHS videos, DVDs, or internet courses onlineRead More Online Education Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pages Online Education Education is an important part of people’s lives; it will either make them or break them in the future depending on the careers they choose. Education is greatly diverse today in comparison to the 1950s because of advancements in teaching and other great inventions that provide easier techniques of teaching. One major issue that has been raised is distant learning courses and online education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Distant learning could be any format from VHS videos, DVDs, or internet coursesRead MoreOnline Education Is A Type Of Distance Learning1141 Words   |  5 PagesOnline education is a type of distance learning that involves taking courses without attending an on-campus college. Instead students and professors interact over the internet. It utilizes the Internet or videoconferencing to create learning communities. Course materials are provided on a Web site and are occasionally found on CD-ROM; email, bulletin boards, forums, and chat rooms are used to interact with other students and teachers. (â€Å"Online Learning?† 2015) In 1873 the first official online education

Language and Mongolia free essay sample

I stand in front of the classroom, unsure of what I am really supposed to be doing. I look at the faces of each student, all around the age of twelve or thirteen, staring up at me in anticipation. I am supposed to be teaching them how to speak English, but truly I don’t know how to start, considering I was only given this assignment about an hour ago. I had walked back to the school at a brisk pace with a million ideas in my mind of what I could do. Once I reached the building though I realized that I had no idea of what the students were already capable of. However standing here now I do not want to seem shy or nervous because honestly I’m not, and I want to make this as fun for them as possible. I walk to the front of the room and gave a loud â€Å"Sain baina uu† or hello, to try and greet them suddenly I had all of their attention and it was time to begin. We will write a custom essay sample on Language and Mongolia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This past summer I spent a month traveling and working in the diverse country of Mongolia. It was my first time overseas and living in a country where I had never even heard the language before. When we had first landed in their capital city of Ulaanbaatar we hit the ground running, jumping instantly into Mongolian language lessons and classes about their culture. These lessons would prove very useful as we traveled to the northern province of Khovsgol. While there we completed a number of community service projects, however none of them quite affected me as much as teaching English to the Mongolian students. This was the assignment that I had been looking most forward to, considering I had just been painting floors for three days. This was only the second interaction I had with the students, but before I even started they instantly recognised me. While the others sat silently, one girl confidently said, â€Å"You are Abigail, yes? You are very good at the games.† I recognize the girl, named Biak, and I recall the games we played when we first arrived at the school with the Mongolian students. I quickly think of the word for thank you-â€Å"bayarlalaa†. One girl points at me and then walks up and starts to touch my hair. She looks at me nervously and says â€Å"Yellow?† holding up my braid to show me. I nod my head quickly, point at her hair and say â€Å"Khar†, black in Mongolian, which makes her smile and run back to tell her friends. I am no longer worried about where to start. Instantly I go around the room and start pointing at colors. Some students already know all of them while others eagerly follow along. While doing this activity I hear another student mention that she wanted a bunny, so I started drawing pictures of animals, teaching them the names, and spent time working with each person until they knew all of them. We ended up covering a lot of subjects that day, with each student happily participating for the entirety of the lesson. I could feel the excitement in them as we worked. Every student was frantically pointing around the room and I could hear shouts of â€Å"Red!†, â€Å"White!†, â€Å"That’s a horse!† and â€Å"I have a goat!† all around me. In that moment, standing in front of that classroom, I felt as if I was able to open their minds while at the same time they were able to open mine. The connection I had with them was easy and natural. I now realize that the fear I felt at the beginning, that uncertainty of how this was all going to work, was unnecessary and that you don’t need a lesson plan in order for people to learn. Sometimes the best way to teach is in the moment.

“Of Mice and Men” Coursework Essay Example For Students

â€Å"Of Mice and Men† Coursework Essay Explore the sense of an ending in the novel and how central this is to the book. In â€Å"Of Mice and Men†, Steinbeck built up a sense of an ending which is applied throughout the entire novel. For this he linked several and different aspects and characters which follow the story and make it successful. In this novel, the sense of an ending is showed by a few techniques the author used through the whole book. Firstly, he makes the reader feel it is the end in the last chapter; he brings us back to the same place as in the first chapter in which the natural setting is similar : â€Å"Salinas River†, â€Å"deep pool†, â€Å"Gabilan mountains†, â€Å"among the sycamores†, it is like a cycle that finishes where it started. In the beginning of these both chapters, Steinbeck starts with a description of nature. But not only the setting is repeated. The content is as well resembling: Lennies thoughts and Lennie and Georges conversation mirror the opening: for example in both chapters they discuss about rabbits and about their dream ranch. However, these similarities actually emphasize the change that have been made with these persona through the story: in chapter one they had their great plan about the ranch and we feel they believed in it, and now in chapter six this plan seems to be left out. This feeling of an end comes as well when George tells the ritual story, the dream, a last time: â€Å"We gonna get a little place Well have a cow An well have maybe a pig an chickens †. Unlike in the middle of the book, the lack of details in his speech gives us the sense it is the last time George tells this; it shows he doesnt believe in it anymore. Furthermore, we can feel in the way he speaks that somethings wrong, he is very hesitating and he seems stressed and worried. This dream is very important to the novel because it is a narrative and narratives always have an ending. Secondly, some symbols reveal were close to the end. There is â€Å"Carlsons Luger† -which is actually the gun used to kill Candys dog- and which George took just before going to see Lennie. This gives us the feeling of a death coming, in other words, the feeling of an end coming. There is also the death of Candys dog because the author reflected Lennies death to it: both characters were seen as a nuisance, they were smelly and miserable. On the other side, their â€Å"master†s reaction are different and contradictory: for Candys dog shooting, someone else had to do it instead of Candy. And just after agreeing to kill his dog, Candy went and â€Å"stared at the ceiling†. And this suggests a need of thinking, of being alone. But for Lennies shooting, firstly George did it himself, and secondly he didnt want nor need to be alone, he actually went in and get a drink with Slim. So this gets the reader to ask himself questions as: â€Å"Is George really saddened by Lennies death?† Or â€Å"Does he regret it?† And finally there is the heron eating the water snake in the beginning of the last chapter: â€Å"A silent head and beak lanced down and plucked it out the head, and the beak swallowed the little snake while its tail waved frantica lly†. The death of this water snake is very short and fast. It prepares us to Lennies death, which will be same. Finally, there are the effects we feel throughout the book which prepare us as well to Lennies death. The emotional effects developed for the killing of the dog and the snake (which are pity and empathy) will be the same ones for Lennies killing. Of Mice And Men Essay SummaryThe impossibility of happiness in this novel is expressed by an essential technique used to survive: dreaming, which is a concept that follows George and Lennie throughout the book and which is linked to the sense of an ending of it because the impossibility of happiness is what puts an end to Lennies character (it is the reason why George killed him, as told in the previous paragraph). Candy also contributes to the sense of an ending because he is linked to the dream ranch George and Lennie are dreaming of. This character was, above all, alone and powerless: hes part of â€Å"the weak ones†, as Curleys wife says. It is shown by his physical description as well as his language: â€Å"stick-like wrist†, â€Å"stooped-shouldered†, â€Å"bristly white whiskers†, â€Å"shifted, â€Å"shuffled† (as Lennie), â€Å"the old swamper†. Our first impression of this character is that hes an old man, finishing his life in the barn, that hes a dominated character, behaving like Lennie, His physical description isnt comic at all, on the contrary it should makes us feel pity for him just as the author tries to. He is a victim of nature because of his age, hes handicapped because of his missing hand and because of it swamping is the only job he can do so we can almost say hes useless, and all these aspects suggest he represents injustice. But he also brings hope: he takes part of George and Lennies dream and tries everything to make it come true: â€Å"Oh George! I been figurin and figurin. I got it doped out how we can make some money on them rabbits†, â€Å"Spose I went in with you guys. Thas three hundred an fifty bucks Id put in. I aint much good, but I could cook and tend the chickens and hoe the garden some†. With this, we feel like he doesnt have anything to do with his life anymore and that he wants to put some action in it by actually trying to make this dream come true. Curleys wife is part of the ending of the novel: her death is the last event before Lennies death. Her own ending is felt by the audience from the beginning: shes the only woman in the barn, shes alone, and this clearly justifies why she died; she didnt belong there. So Steinbeck chose to create sympathy for this character. He does this by several ways. Firstly by placing her in a relationship where she is alone: shes victim of her husband, shes never with him and therefore looks for him (â€Å"Im looking for Curley†), shes the only woman in the barn (not in the book because there is also Aunt Clara) and she complains. Her physical image is a key symbol to her: â€Å"She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up; her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages. She wore a cotton house dress and red mules, on the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers†; she seems to want to be and to feel pretty, to put some femininity in the barn therefore to show shes a real woman and not to become like the men with which she lives everyday. So the sense of an ending in this novel is felt because of symbols, emotional effects, several techniques used by the author, different links between characters and aspects of the novel, and the use of narratives which proves us that every narrative has its beginning, and its end.